Physicochemical Changes and Possibility of Eutrophication by a Water Transfer to International Parishan Wetland, Iran.

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Natural resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran.

2 Department of Irrigation and Reclamation Engineering. Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran.

Abstract

The international Parishan Wetland, Iran, has completely dried up since 2009. Efforts are underway to restore it through the water transfer from the under-construction Nargesi dam. The aim of this research is to study the physicochemical effects the possibility of eutrophication in this wetland after this function. Sampling was conducted from active springs and the freshwater river (behind the Nargesi dam). The physicochemical parameters were measured and compared with those obtained during wet years. The average electrical conductivity (EC) of the water in the Nargesi dam and the wetland after the water transfer, were calculated considering an annual input of 15 mcm. The results indicated that with transferring during rainy months, after 7-10 years, EC, salinity, hardness, and total dissolved solids (TDS) of the wetland water will reach a similar long-term level as wet years. After this period, if water continues to be supplied from the dam, the salinity of the wetland will increase, reaching a higher level of 0.25-0.27 g/l per year and after 10 years, it will be 2.5-2.7 g/l. However, such changes are not expected to cause significant ecological contradictions in the ecosystem conditions due to the euryhaline nature of aquatic animals of Parishan wetland. Despite the concentration of nitrate and phosphate in the two water sources, due to the high pH and alkalinity of the wetland water, as it was in the wet years, these two nutrients are not limiting factors for production, and according to the high pH and high alkalinity, eutrophication will not occur.

Keywords


References
Ahmadianfar, I., Jamei, M. and Chu, X. (2020). A novel Hybrid Wavelet-Locally Weighted Linear Regression (W-LWLR) Model for Electrical Conductivity (EC) Prediction in Surface Water. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology 232, p.103641. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconhyd.2020.103641
Ansari, A. A., Singh, G. S., Lanza, G. R. and Rast, W. eds. (2010) Eutrophication: causes, consequences and control (Vol. 1). Springer Science & Business Media.
Bellemakers, M. J. S., Maessen, M. (1998). Effects of Alkalinity and External Sulphate and Phosphorus Load on Water Chemistry in Enclosures in an Eutrophic Shallow Lake. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution. 101: 3–13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1004954928604
Beusen, A. H. W., Bouwman, A. F., Van Beek, L. P. H., Mogollon, J. M., Middelburg, J. J. (2016). Global riverine N and P transport to ocean increased during the 20th century despite increased retention along the aquatic continuum. Biogeosciences 13:2441–2451. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-2441-2016
Bravo de Guenni, L., Lenczewski, M., Mallow, S.V., Solanki, S. (2024). Assessing water quality spatial heterogeneity from multiple pollution sources in the Boung Cheung Ek Wetland, Phnom Penh. Cambodia Water, 16(1):4.
Chislock, M. F., Doster, E., Zitomer, R. A. and Wilson, A. E. (2013). Eutrophication: causes, consequences, and controls in aquatic ecosystems. Nature Education Knowledge. 4(4), p.10.
Dehghani, A., Monfared, N., Yeganeh, V., Avakh Keysami, M., (2008). Phytoplankton diversity in Parishan wetland. The first regional conference on inland aquatic ecosystems in Iran, Boushehr. https://civilica.com/doc/124351 (In Persian)
Department of Environment UNDP/GEF (2010). Lake Parishan Management Plan. 51 p. (In Persian). http://www.wetlandsproject.ir/publications/books/detail/Lake-Parishan-Management-Plan/1008/view/
Du, H. B., Chen, Z. N., Mao, G. Z., Chen, L., Crittenden, J,, Li, R. Y. M., Chai, L. H. (2019). Evaluation of eutrophication in freshwater lakes: a new non-equilibrium statistical approach. Ecol Indicat 102: 686–692.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2019.03.032
Elmizadeh, H., Farhadi, S., and Razmi, M. (2017). Estimates of heavy metals pollution in Parishan wetland sediments using pollution indices. Environmental Sciences. 15 (1): 61-76.
Eriksson, E. (1985). Principles and Applications of Hydrochemistry. Springer Netherlands. DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-4836-5
Fars Regional Water Authority. (2016). Updating the balance of water resources from study areas of Helleh basin and small canals on both sides leading to 2010-2011. Volume 5: Water Resources Assessment, Water Resources Balance Report, Parishan Lake Studies Area. Ministry of Energy, Iran Water Resources Management Company (In Persian).
Fielding, J. J., Croudace, I. W., Kemp, A. E. S., Pearce, R. B., Cotterill, C, J., Langdon, P., Avery, R. (2020). Tracing lake pollution, eutrophication and partial recovery from the sediments of Windermere, UK, using geochemistry and sediment microfabrics. Sci Total Environ 722:137745. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137745
Ghasemi, F., Taghavi, L. (2016). Effect of environmental geology impacts on quality and quantity of aquifers (case study: groundwater reservoirs in Akhtarabad village, Malard county). Iranian Journal of Environmental Geology. 10 (36): 56-82. (In Persian)
Ghorbani, M. (2013). A summary of geology of Iran. In The economic geology of Iran (pp. 45-64). Springer, Dordrecht.
Granato, G. E. DeSimone, L. A., Barbaro, J. R. and Jeznach, L. C. (2015). Methods for evaluating potential sources of chloride in surface waters and groundwaters of the conterminous United States (No. 2015-1080). US Geological Survey.
Hamlin, H. S. (2006). Salt domes in the Gulf Coast aquifer. Aquifers of the Gulf Coast of Texas, Mace, RE, Davidson, SC, Angle, ES, and Mullican, WF, eds., Texas Water Development Board, Report, 365: 217-230.
Harper, D. M. (1992). Eutrophication of freshwaters (p. 327). London: Chapman & Hall.
Heidari, M., Khanlari, G. R., Beydokhti, A. T. and Momeni, A. A. (2011). The formation of cover collapse sinkholes in North of Hamedan, Iran. Geomorphology, 132(3-4): 76-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2011.04.025
Heydari, M., Olyaie, E., Mohebzadeh, H., Kisi, Ö. (2013). Development of a neural network
technique for prediction of water quality parameters in the Delaware River, Pennsylvania. Middle-East J. Sci. Res. 13 (10): 1367–1376. DOI:10.5829/idosi.mejsr.2013.13.10.1238
Howarth, R. W. and Marino, R, (2006), Nitrogen as the limiting nutrient for eutrophication in coastal marine ecosystems: evolving views over three decades. Limnology and Oceanography, 51(1part2): 364-376. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2006.51.1_part_2.0364
Isaei, A. R. and Isaei, M. (2014). Restoration of Parishan wetland by management of wandering runoff, Conference on Climate Change and a route to a Sustainable Future, Tehran (In Persian). https://civilica.com/doc/269491
Isaei, A. R. and Isaei, M. (2015). Flood transfer, the way to save Parishan lake, International Conference on Research in Engineering. Science and Technology. https://civilica.com/doc/398166
Jahanbakhsh Ganjeh, M., Khorasani, N., Morshedi,  J., Danehkar, A, and Naderi, M. (2017). An Investigation on Spatial Changes of Parishan International Wetland Using Remote Sensing Methods. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research. 15 (3): 549-562. DOI: 10.15666/aeer/1503_549562
Jordan, T. E., Whigham, D. F., Hofmockel, K.H. and Pittek, M. A. (2003). Nutrient and sediment removal by a restored wetland receiving agricultural runoff. Journal of environmental quality, 32(4): 1534-1547.
Karami, E., Zehtabian, G., Khosravi, H., Mesbahzadeh, T., Zareh, S. and Behrang Manesh, M, (2021), Determination of lake sediments susceptibility to wind erosion and its role in dust formation (Parishan lake, Fars province). Researches in Earth Sciences, 12 (1):114-130.
Karimian Torghabeh, A., Afzali, S. F., Jahandari, A., Mahmudy Gharaie, M. H. and Al-Khashman, O. A. (2020). Evaluation of trace elements concentration in surface sediments of Parishan International Wetland (Fars Province, SW Iran) by using geochemical and sedimentological analysis. Toxin Reviews, 1-11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15569543.2020.1737825
Khan, F. A. and Ansari, A. A. (2005). Eutrophication: An Ecological Vision. Botanical Review, 71 (4): 449–482. doi:10.1663/0006-8101(2005)071[0449:EAEV]2.0.CO;2
Khan, M. N. and Mohammad, F. (2014). Eutrophication of Lakes. in Ansari, Gill, SS (eds.), Eutrophication: Challenges and Solutions; Volume II of Eutrophication: Causes, Consequences and Control, Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-7814-6_1
Lin, S. S., Shen, S. L., Zhou, A., Lyu, H. M. (2021). Assessment and management of lake eutrophication: a case study in Lake Erhai, China. Sci Total Environ 751:141618. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141618
López-Buendía, A. M., Whateley, M. K. G., Bastida, J. and Urquiola, M. M. (2007), Origins of mineral matter in peat marsh and peat bog deposits. Spain. International Journal of Coal Geology, 71 (2-3): 246-262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2006.09.001
Lotfi, A. (2011). Lake Prishan Concise Baseline Report, Department of Environment, UNDP/GEF. 113 p (In Persian). http://www.wetlandsproject.ir/publications/books/detail/Lake-Parishan-Consice-Baseline-Report/1007/view
Menberu, Z., Mogesse, B. and Reddythota, D. (2021). Evaluation of water quality and utriphication status of Hawassa Lake based on different water quality indices. Applied Water Science, 11(3): 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-021-01385-6
Mills, M. M., Brown, Z. W., Laney, S. R., Ortega-Retuerta, E., Lowry, K. E., Van Dijken, G. L. and Arrigo, K. R. (2018). Nitrogen limitation of the summer phytoplankton and heterotrophic prokaryote communities in the Chukchi Sea. Frontiers in Marine Science, 5, p.362. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2018.00362
Ngatia, L., Grace, III. J. M., Morias, D. and Taylor, R. (2019). Nitrogen and phosphorus eutrophication in marine ecosystems. Monitoring of Marine Pollution, pp.1-17.
O'geen, A. T., Budd, R., Gan, J,, Maynard, J. J., Parikh, S.J. and Dahlgren, R..A. (2010). Mitigating nonpoint source pollution in agriculture with constructed and restored wetlands. Advances in agronomy, 108: pp.1-76.
Porowski, A., Porowska, D. and Halas, S. (2019). Identification of sulfate sources and biogeochemical processes in an aquifer affected by Peatland: Insights from monitoring the isotopic composition of groundwater sulfate in Kampinos National Park, Poland. Water, 11(7): p.1388. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11071388
Raymont, J. E. (2014). Plankton & productivity in the oceans: Volume 1: Phytoplankton. Elsevier.
Rebello, L. R. B., Siepman, T. and Drexler, S. (2020). Correlations between TDS and electrical conductivity for high-salinity formation brines characteristic of South Atlantic pre-salt basins. Water SA, 46(4): 602-609. DOI: 10.17159/wsa/2020.v46.i4.9073
Rezaei Tavabe, K. and Samadi Kuchaksaraei, B. (2021). Investigation of the possibility of invasive species entering Parishan wetland due to water transfer from Nargesi dam by studying the biodiversity of Parishan wetland and Dalaki river. 1st Fars Biodiversity Conference, March 2021, Shiraz University, Iran (Main text in Persian).
Rezaei Tavabe, K., Samadi Kuchaksaraei, B. and Zare, G. (2021), Investigation of biological indicators and flagship species in determining the ecological water right of Parishan wetland. 1st Fars Biodiversity Conference, March 2021, Shiraz University, Iran (Main text in Persian). 
Rogerson, M., Mercedes-Martín, R., Brasier, A. T., McGill, R. A., Prior, T. J., Vonhof, H., Fellows, S. M., Reijmer, J. J., McClymont, E., Billing, I. and Matthews, A. (2017). Are spherulitic lacustrine carbonates an expression of large-scale mineral carbonation? A case study from the East Kirkton Limestone, Scotland. Gondwana Research, 48: 101-109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2017.04.007
Sadeghi, R., Vaziri-Moghaddam, H. and Taheri, A. (2011). Microfacies and sedimentary environment of the Oligocene sequence (Asmari Formation) in Fars sub-basin, Zagros Mountains, southwest Iran. Facies, 57 (3): 431-446. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10347-010-0245-x
Schindler, D., and Vallentyne, J. R. (2008). Over fertilization of the World’s Freshwaters and Estuaries, University of Alberta Press, 348 p.
Shafiei, M., Raini, S., Fazloli, R. and Gholami, S. (2017). Investigation of the Effect of Water Removal from Wells Surrounding Parishan Lake on Groundwater and Surface Water Levels. Environmental Researches, 7(14): 237-248.
Sterner, R. W. (2008). On the phosphorus limitation paradigm for lakes. International Review of Hydrobiology, 93 (4‐5): 433-445. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/iroh.200811068
Tabla-Hernández, J., Rodríguez-Espinosa, P. F., Hernandez-Ramirez, A. G., Mendoza-Pérez, J. A., Cano-Aznar, E. R. and Martínez-Tavera, E. (2018). Treatment of Eutrophic water and wastewater from Valsequillo Reservoir, Puebla, Mexico by Means of Ozonation: A multiparameter approach. Water, 10 (12): p.1790. https://doi.org/10.3390/w10121790
University of Tehran. (2021). Water transfer studies from Nargesi dam to Parishan wetland; Parishan wetland restoration project, Fars Province department of environment and University of Tehran (In Persian).
Verspagen, J. M., Van de Waal, D. B., Finke, J. F., Visser, P. M., Van Donk, E., and Huisman, J. (2014). Rising CO2 levels will intensify phytoplankton blooms in eutrophic and hypertrophic lakes. PloS one, 9(8), e104325. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0104325
Wang, Y., Hu, W., Peng, Z,, Zeng, Y. and Rinke, K. (2018). Predicting lake utriphication responses to multiple scenarios of lake restoration: A three-dimensional modeling approach. Water, 10(8), p.994. https://doi.org/10.3390/w10080994
Worch, E. (2015). Hydrochemistry; Basic Concepts and Exercises, In: De Gruyter Textbook. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110315561
World Health Organization and International Programme on Chemical Safety. (1996). Guidelines for drinking-water quality. Vol. 2, Health criteria and other supporting information, 2nd ed. World Health Organization. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/38551
Wu, N., Liu, S., Zhang, G., Zhang, H. (2021). Anthropogenic impacts on nutrient variability in the lower Yellow River. Sci Total Environ 755:142488. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142488
Wu, S., Kuschk, P., Wiessner, A., Müller, J., Saad, R.A. and Dong, R. (2013). Sulphur transformations in constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment: a review. Ecological engineering, 52, pp.278-289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2012.11.003
Zamani-Ahmadmahmoodi, R., Bayati, S., Abdollahi, K., Mafi-Gholami, D., Joorabian Shooshtari, S., Gharahi, N., Raeisi-bidekani, A., Rondigues Maritn, J. A., Soleimanipour, S. S. (2025). Water quality and eutrophication status of the Zarivar Wetland (Iran). Applied Water Science, 15(2), 24.